UNIT 6 - ENERGY AND ELECTRICITY

UNIT6. ENERGY AND ELECTRICITY.

KEY WORD: 
BOOK UNIT Nº8: "ENERGY": * Describing motion and how it works.

INDEX:

1.- ENERGY

2.- ELECTRICITY. "OHMS´S LAW":   Current(Ampers)=Voltage(Volts) / Resistance(Ohmios)

2.- ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS: a) Serial RT=R1+R2+R3... b) Parallel RT=1/(1/R1+1/R2+1/R3...)

1.- ENERGY.

For millennia, muscle energy was the main source of energy that human beings used. But humans have, over time, invented different mechanisms and machines that have reduced the effort needed to perform work processes and have improved our quality of life. This machines need energy to function. 

Energy is the capacity of an object or body to transforms an energy source into work.

Energy is transformed into work and the units of work are a measumement of the energy used (JOULES acording to the International System).

POWER: 

We often calculate the capacity of an object to realease energy quickly (work done per unit of time). P=W/t, Power is measure in Watts, and Work in Joules. 

TYPES OF ENERGY:

• MECHANICAL: Kinetic and Potencial.
• ELECTRICAL.
• ELECTROMAGNETIC. 
• SOUND.
• CHEMICAL
• NUCLEAR
• THERMAL.   
  

 2.- ELECTRICITY.

Electric Current is a continuous movement of electrons  through conductor materials.  (They flow/move continously like water in a river).

An electric circuit is a set of connected components through which an electric current circulates: a Generator, a Wire Conductor, a Switch and a Receptor.
When the switch is on then through the wire flow electrons acording to this ecuation called LAW OF OHM:

Current (Ampers) = Voltage / Resistance 

I=V/R

The effects of this electric current are: 
a) HEAT: The movement of electrons ina a cable causes continous collisions and an increase in the temperature of the cable. The heat energy generated by an electric current is called the Joule Effect:  E= I^2 * R * t.
b) LIGHT: Through incandescence, or through phosphorescent material. 
c) MOTION. Through magnetic fields that produces forces into the wires: dynamos, alternators, motor. 

There are three types of materials:
a) Conductor: allow electricl currents to pass through them (all metals are conductor).
b) Insulator: don´t allow electric currents to pass throwgh them: wood, glass, plastic. 
c) Semiconductor: have properties which are intermediate in magnitude between conductors and insulators: silicon and germanium.  

3.- TYPES OF CIRCUITS:

a) IN SERIES: when the current that flows throgh all the components is idential, and the total voltage is the sum of the voltages across each element. 

 

R_equivalent= R1+R2+R3+...=260+330=590 Ohms

I =  V  /  R_equivalent    ;    I = 230 / 590 = 0.4 Ampers

b) IN PARALL: when the voltage across each componet is the same, but the current that floww through each branch is different. 

R_equivalent= 1  / [(1/R1)+(1/R2)+(1/R3)+...]= 1 / [(1/15) + (1/10) ] = 6 Ohms 

I =  V  /  R_equivalent  = 60 / 6 = 10 Ampers

c) MIXED: Maintain the current that flows through the components in series, and the voltage across the components in parallel. 

 

 R_equivalenttotal= 1  / [(1/R1)+(1/R2)+(1/R3)+...] = 1/[(1/10)+(1/10)] + 10 = 5+10=

= 15 Ohms  

 I =  V  /  R_equivalent  = 4.5 / 15 = 0.3 Ampers

VIDEO ACTIVITY: ELECTRICITY

 Are these sentencesTrue or False?

1.    Electrons always have a negative charge.

2.    Voltage is the force that moves the electrons.

3.    The wire does not get hot because the light bulb reduces the current which flows in that circuit.

4.    Current is the path between the negative and  positive poles.

5.    1,5 V is enough to give you a shock.

6.    A current of 1 Amp means that 6.240.000.000.000.000.000 electrons are flowing through the circuit each second.

VIDEO ACTIVITY: "ELECTRIC FENCE" 

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words after you watch the video.

1. The first brainiac gets a ………because he completes the …. between the fence and the ground. 
2. The …………can´t pass …… the brainiac´s body because it can´t go through the polystyrene tiles to the ……. to complete the …………. 
3.  Every time the unit flashes the brainiac´s ……… shouldn´t be touching the ………  
   
4.  Shocking a lot of …………….. is better than ………………. just one brainiac. 
5. When the group of brainiacs are …………hands but the last one is not ………on the polystyrene tiles they all get a …………because the last brainiac is not ………….

A.- ACTIVITIES: 1.-What are the units of voltage, current and resistance?

2.- What devices are used to measure the size of a current and potential difference?

3.- What device can be used to control the size of the current in a simple circuit?

4.- When a p.d. of 10 V is applied across a resistor, 2 A flows. What is the resistance?

5.-If a battery is rated at 5 amp-hours, for how long will it be able to provide a current of 0.5 amperes?

6.- Draw (cocodrille) and calculate the current of the folloween circuits:

• a) Serial: R1=10; R2= 4; R3=6; V=20
• b) Parallel: R1=10; R2= 4; R3=6; V=20
• c) Mixed: R1=10; R2= 4; R3=6; V=20

TASK:
1.- VIDEO ACTIVITY:

UNIT 4 - MACHINES

UNIT4. MACHINES

KEY WORD: Simple and compound machines.
BOOK UNIT Nº12: "INNOVATION":
* How does it works?

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1. MACHINES.
Leonardo da Vinci was a famous painter and inventor. He lived 500 years ago, but you can still see his creations today. You can see his paintings in museums, but you can also see his inventions everywhere! LIKE HIS MACHINES: bicycle, parachute, submarine and the compass.

MACHINES are devices tha allow you to work easier, better and faster. They help you save time and energy.
We use machines every day. Some machines can be dangerous: you can cut yourself with a sharp knife, you can burn yourself with the cooker, you can get an electric shock from touching a plug.

Here are some of they features:
a) SIMPLES MACHINES have one or few parts. The work with one movement. For example of simple machines: WHEEL, PULLEY, LEVER, RAMP, ...that you can find in objects like: a hammer, scissors, etc.
SIMPLE MACHINES(PDF)

Remember: In a LEVER: 

Effort*Distance=Load*distance

b) COMPOUND MACHINES are made up of two or more simple machines working together: motors, gears, electric circuits. For example: a car, a airplane,
a) Machines have many USES, for example: Exerting force, Carring heavy objects, Comunicating, Travelling, etc.
b) HOW THEY WORK. Machines need energy in order to function. The energy comes from different sources: people, electricity, combustible fuels, wind, etc.
6 SIMPLE MACHINES (PDF)

ACTIVITIES Nº1:

1.- Name there machines with one or few parts, and three machines with many parts. well, sccisors and hammer / bicycle, car and plane
2.- What machines do you see in the situation of a hospital. X rays machine, tension machine, vital screen, OR lamps, medical special beds, etc.
3.- Name three objects that contain simple machines and three with compoud machines. bike, well, train / car, computer, plane
4.- Find out how many simple machines are combined in a wheelbarrow. wheel, axle and lever

5. Complete the sentences:

• a) Machines are objects that help us to work esier
• b) Planes and cars are compound machines.
• c) All machines need the human being to function.

6. Complete a sentences of these objtects where you describe the energy that they use for.

• a) vacuum we use a vacuum to aspire the dirt
• b) helicopter we use an helicopter to move by the air
• c) stapler we use a strapler to stapl papers 

7. You should always take care when using machines. Think of these machines that you can use and write how the canbe dangerous and give a safety rule.

• a) Knives: We can cut ourself. We shouln´t play with them.
• b) plug:you can electrify yourself
• c) jigsaw:you can cut yourself
• d) pistol glue:you can burn  your finger
• e) drill: you can drill yourself

8. What sort of  SIMPLE MACHINES are these objects?:

•  a baseball bat : leaver
•  the front of a ship : leaver
• the fan blades : leaver
•  a toilet paper dispenser : leaver
•  a door knob : leaver
•  a broom : leaver

 9.  Find out the MACHINES that these objects got:

•  Stapler: a)leaver b) wedge c) wheel
• Wheel barrow:  a) wheel b)axe c) leaver

 

TASKS:


1.- VIDEO ACTIVITY.

• a) Write in one sentence what the teacher in the video is trying to explain.
• b) What are the simplest of all machines based on?
• c)What type of work is put in a machine?
• d) Archimedes said: “Give me a fulcrum and I move the Earth”
• e) Which force is bigger in a lever? 
•  
• EXERCICIES:
• 
  

  1.- Calculate the work requerided to lift a weight of 1200Newton (force) to heigth to 9m. 1200x9=10800N
  

  2.- A person pushes a suitcase across a railway station for 20m. It the total work performed is 1200Julios, How much force had to be applied?

  1200x20=24000N
  

  3.- What category do the following levers belong to? Explain your answer:

      a) Screedriver used to open a can,Type 3   b) Fishing pole,Type 2  c) Bicycle brake (hand),Type 3 d) Balance.Type 2
  4.- If the drive wheel turns in a clockwise direction, in what direction will the final componet turn? Anticlockwise.
  

  5.- To be able to adjust to different slopes and speeds may bicycles have multiple gears.

    a) How many different combinations can be used (teeth). (Cassett/Chainring) (pinón/plato) 47/48 teeth, 4 chainring adn 2 plato 48/20 48/18 48/16 48/14 44/20 44/18 44/16 44/14
  

  
  

    b) If the rider goes to 5rpm with the pedals..what speed takes the biky.

  
  

  5x8/20=12rpm

  
  
  

  5x44/14=15.7rpm

  
  

  5x44/20=11rpm

  
  

   

  
  

   

  
  
  

  6.- The pulley for a washing machine drum measures 45cm. in diameter and the motor´s pulley is 9cm in diameter. Calculate the gear ratio and the drum´s speed when the motor is turning at 450rpm.

  V1xD1=V2xD2 ; 450x9=V2x45 ; 450x9/45=90rpm
  

  10.- A mechanism is which the drive gear turns at 200rpm and the driven gear turns at 50rpm:

   a) What is the gear ratio.

  The gear ratio of a gear train, also known as its speed ratio, is the ratio of the angular velocity of the input gear to the angular velocity of the output gear.
  

   b) Is the drive gear has 20 teeth, how much has the driven gear.

  11.- A force of 300N is required to lift a stone.

   a) How much force must be applicaed, if you have a lever with the fulcrum situated at 1m of the stone.

  
  

  
  

  EXERCICIES:

  A) LEVERS1. 

  B) LEVERS2. 
   

UNIT 3 - TECHNICAL MATERIALS

UNIT3. TECHNICAL MATERIALS.

KEY WORDS: raw materials, manufactured goods, to tear(romper con las manos), to smooth(lijar), drawer(cajón), card(cartulina), cardboard(cartón),alloy,

BOOK UNIT Nº10: "FORCES": 

* The aim of the test is..
* Properties: "These steel cables can resist tension. They are able to resist tension".
* Passive form: "This plastic can be stretched, but it cannot be compresed".
* Verbs that contain the idea of cause as part of their meaning: Harden, lighten, widen, etc.
* Colour: reddish, bluish, greenish, etc.

INDEX:

1.- TECHNICAL MATERIALS.

2.- ALLOYS.

3.- PROPERTIES

4.- MANUFACTURED PROCEDURES.

1.- TECHNICAL MATERIALS.

1.- RAW MATERIALS are substances that are extracted directly from natural object. The can be classified into three main categories: animal origin (wool, silk, hides,..) vegetal origin (cotton, hard wood and soft wood ("timbers"), cork, ..) mineral origin (marble, clay, iron...)
2.- MATERIALS  are the raw materials transformed by physical or chemical processes: paper, planks of wood, plastic, metal, glass, etc.

  Manufactured BOARDS of wood: are pieces or stripes of wood glue together:
PLYWOOD(contrachapado) ,CHIPBOARD(aglomerado), MDF, BLOCKBOARD, HARDBOARD(conglomerado).

3.- MANUFACTURED GOODS are any objects created by humans to satisfy their needs and improve their standard of living. The manufactured good can be made of various pieces made from various different materials:  furniture, cars, etc.
4.- TECNICHAL MATERIALS: Common materials used to make manufactured goods:

• WOOD:  furniture, floors, tool hadles, decorative objects, etc.  

1. Softwood timbers usually come from coniferous trees - that is, evergreen, needle-leaved, cone-bearing trees such as fir and pine. 
2. Hardwood timbers come from broad-leaved, deciduous trees, and are more important in Design and Technology than softwood timbers.

• METALS: tools and machines, electrical components, fixtures and fasteners, etc.

1. A) FERROUS. There are metals contain iron. All ferrous metals are MAGNETIC. Examples are cast iron, mild steel, medium carbon steel, high carbon steel, stainless steel, and high speed steel.
2. B) NON-FERROUS. There area metals do not contain iron. They are not magnetic and are usually more resistant to corrosion than ferrous metals: aluminium, duralumin, copper, zinc, brass, gilding metal and tin

• PLASTICS: PP, PU, PVC, PE, ..eg.: toys, containers, tubing, etc.
• CONSTRUCTION  MATERIALS:  bricks, roofing tiles, walls, etc. 

2.- ALLOYS.
An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals. 
When a material is needed which requires certain properties and this does not exist in a pure metal we combine metals.
Pure white aluminium is very soft and ductile. Other elements can be added to create an aluminium alloy. This can produce a metal which is stronger than Mild Steel has improved hardness and is resistant to corrosion while still remaining light in weight.

• STEEL= IRON + CARBON.
• POOR STEEL= IRON + MUCH CARBON (eg: manhole cover)
• BRASS= COPPER + ZINC.
• BRONZE= COPPER + TIN.
• PEWTER=  TIN + ANTIMONY + COPPER.

3.-PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS.

 

Hardness	is the ability of a material to resist wear, scratching and indentation. The resistance a materials has to cutting and surface indentations.
Toughness	The opposite of Brithleness. Toughness is the ability of a material to withstand blows or sudden shocks without breaking.This describes the amount of energy a material can absorb without breaking. We measure a material's ability to absorb shock.
Tensile Strength	The maximum force a material can withstand ((in tension(pulling) compression(squashing) , torque(twisting) and shearing(sideways pressure)))
Malleability	The amount of hammering, pressing and shaping a material can take without breaking.
Ductility	Ductility is the ability of a material to deform, usually by stretching along its length.The length that a material can be stretched without breaking.
Elasticity	It´s the ability of a material to be bended and then return to its original shape and size when released.
Heat and Electrical Conductivity	The measure of how well a material can conduct heat or electricity.
Heaviness	The denseness of materials. A dense material will be heavy in relation to its size. Density=Mass/Volume
Strength	The measure of how a material withstands a heavy load without breaking.
Conductivity	Is the ability to conduct heat or electricity.
Elasticity	Is the ability to bed and then to return to its original shape and size.
Fusibility	Fusibility is the ability of a material to change into a liquid or molten state when heated to its melting point
others:	Hardness, Opaque/Translucent/Transparent;  Welding,  Plastilicty, Waterproof/Permeability, Fragily, Britleness ,  Fold/Bend

4.- MANUFACTURED PROCEDURES.
Tools: The tools and machines increase our ability to do work with materials. To mark(punch, compass, square, pencil, rule, scriber, templates), to cut-drill(saw, jack plane, jig-saw, drilling machine, chisels), to bend (vice, hammer), to smooth off (files). 

• MARKING OUT:'Marking out' means the transfer of shapes and lines onto the material, as guides for cutting, bending or shaping them. Accurate marking out is essential if the different parts of the product are to fit together properly. You can use this tools: pencil, scriber, compasses, templates, etc.
• SHAPING BY WASTING TOOLS: Shaping by wasting simply means cutting away material to leave the desired shape.The tools that you can use are: circular saw bench, jig saw, Drilling machine, Hand router or Computer Numerical Control (CNC) milling machin, etc.
• BENDING: Metals can be bent in a vice or in folding bars. Thin metal may be bent whilst cold, while thicker metal may need heating or annealing. Larger pieces of metal may also need to be heated first. 
• SHAPING BY REFORMING: Reforming is a method of shaping materials which changes their overall appearance by first melting or softening them into a paste, then hardening them. Reforming methods include casting, extrusion and injection moulding.
• EXTRUSION: Extrusion is used to produce long, but fairly thin products such as pipes or curtain tracks. Both plastics and metal can be extruded. The material is forced through a die, which contains a hole which is the same shape as the required product.
• INJECTION. Injection moulding is a similar process to die casting. A metal mould is used and softened or molten plastic is forced into the mould by pressure from a screw thread or pneumatic plunger. The mould is made in two parts to allow the moulding to be removed. Polythene, polystyrene, polypropylene and nylon are the plastics most often used in injection moulding, which is used extensively in industry. 

ACTIVITIES Nº1.

1.- Which raw material do these materials come from?

a) glass  b) steel   c) plastic  d) porcelain e) planks  f) concrete

2. What manufactured goods can we made from the materials of the exercise before.
3. Complete the sensences:

• " ____________ materials can be stretched. They return to their _____ shape and size alfter stretching"
• "_________ materials can also be stretched, but they remain permanently ______ after stretching". 

4.- Write a list of FIVE manufactured goods made with elastic materials.
5. Order from greater to lesser hardness the following materials:

plasticine, plaster, ceramics, diamond, talc.

6. Name three objects made with permeable materials and another three made with waterproof materials.
7. Classify the following textile materials into natural or syntetic:

polyester, cotton, polyamide, wool, jute, naylon, silk, linen, viscose, lycra. rayon.

8. What are the most important properties of these materials:

a) ceramic b) concrete c) fiberglass d) graphithe e) steel.

9.- What are these made of: 

a)aluminium b)ceramic c)fiberglass d)grafithe e)titanium f)nylon g)policarbonate h)rubber i)steel j)polyestyrene

10.- Find out a material with the properties of:

a)soft+light b)ductil+good conductor c)hard+tough+non rust+alloy

11.-  Give an example of a suitable material tha may be used to make:

• a) garden tools:
• b) most work-shop tools
• c) tough kitchen sink units
• d) wire electrical cables
• e) to protect doctors and dentists from harmful radiation when using X-rays
• f) Panels of Land-Rovers.
• g) Ornaments.
• h) jewllery. 
• i) car gears.

ACTIVITIES Nº2
1. Look for an image of each sort of  manufactured process and paste it into your blog.


ACTIVITIES Nº3.
1. Complete the table into your blog:
 

Name and melting point	Composition	Properties and characteristics	Principal uses
Aluminium ***°C	Pure aluminium (an element)		Kitchen equipment, window frames, general cast components
Duralumin 650°C	Aluminium with 4% copper, 1% manganese and some magnesium
Copper 1080°C	Pure copper (an element)
Zinc ***°C	Pure zinc (an element)	Weak metal, extremely resistant to corrosion, low melting point
Brass 900-1000°C	Alloy of	Resistant to corrosion, fairly hard, good conductor of heat and electricity
Bronze ****°C
Steel ****°C

ACTIVITIES Nº4.
1. Make a timeline about a TOOL over the history. 

ACTIVITIES Nº5.
1. Complete the table of the Density of  these materials:

1. ALUMINIUM:   mass=200g; volume=74cm3; density: ____ 
2. COPPER: mass=475g; volume=_______; density= 8.9 g/cm3
3. ZINC: mass=_______; volume=49cm3; density= 7.1 g/cm3
4. LEAD: mass= 475g; volume=42cm3; density=_____ 
5. WOOD: mass= 15g ; volumen=_______ ;density= 0.75 g/cm3
6. MARBLE: mass=125g ;  volumen=_______ ;density= 2.6 g/cm3

ACTIVITIES Nº6: 

1.  Explain what is meant by the term alloy?
2. Explain in detail the difference between ferrous and non-ferrous metals.
3. Define the terms ductile, malleable and corrosion resistant.
4. Suggest a use for: Mild Steel, stainless steel, Aluminium, Copper, Brass & Lead

ACTIVITIES Nº7.
1.- Make a mind-map on a card about A TECHNICAL MATERIALS and its: properties, uses, object, types, tools, etc. 

ACTIVITIES Nº8.
1.- Find out and draw three types of MATERIALS JOINTS.   

ACTIVITIES Nº9.
1.- Make a presentation of the comparition of two types of metals. Similar to this:








ACTIVITIES Nº10.

1.- Make a REPORT of a tool similar to this:

ACTIVITIES Nº11.

1.- Game: make out little cards with a name of a type of material on one and on the other one with its properties.

ACTIVITIES Nº12. 
1.- Listening: link ELLLO "SnowShoes"

1. Finish the conversation of this interview. 

Jeff: So are they expensive?

Tim: 

2. How does he describe “snow shoes”?

3. Sketch a pair of snow shoes. Choose a suitable scale and list the

materials that they are made.

4.  What are Snow Shoes made of today?

5. What are the heaviest metal and the lightest metal?

6. Describe the sports you like to practice or watch.

2.- Listening: link on youtube (FiberGlass from Airbus of National Geographic.)



ACTIVITIES ABOUT THIS VIDEO:
1.    Write True or False

• a.    The first material in the Airbus 380 is light weight steel
• b.    Glass becomes a liquid at about 270 º Farenheit
• c.    Fiber glass is stronger and more flexible than ordinary glass
• d.    Fiber glass can be woven like textiles to produce sheets of material
• e.    The window doesn´t break because the individual fibers don´t break
• f.    The aluminum provide strength to the composite

2.    Fill in the gaps

• a.    The outer ……………….. of the Airbus 380 must be superlight and ……………………
• b.    Fiber glass is about ………… to ten times the ………………… of steel
• c.     ……………….. resin is added afterwards
• d.    When it dries it ………………. the fibers together to create glass in its ………………. Form.
• e.    Fiber glass is even ……………… when combined in a composite with …………………
• f.    ……………….. provides the strength that …………………… lacks

3.    Answer this question: In the video the terms “Glass fiber” and “Fiber glass” are mentioned:
Are they the same thing? What does each term mean?

UNIT 2 - TECHNICAL DRAWING

UNIT2.TECHNICAL DRAWING

There´s an old saying: "MEASURE TWICE, CUT ONCE" KEY WORD:  SKETCH, LAYOUT, CAD, DRAWING, SCALE, HEIGHT-WIDHT-DEPTH. BOOK: UNIT 3. "COMPARISON". - Proporsions (noum/adjetive): LENGTH/LONG - HEIGHT/HIGH - WIDTH/WIDE. - Comparatives and superlatives forms: -er/more than; -est/the most. - Use "ONE" when someones has already mentioned a thing. INDEX 1º INTRODUCTION. 2º SYSTEMS IN TECHNICAL DRAWING 3º MEASUREMENTS.  4º SCALES    1º INTRODUCTION:  Design ideas can be communicated in many different ways.The most common method of communicating ideas is through drawings and sketches. These can be used to communicate to clients, end users, manufacturers and other designers or experts, to name a few.Designers use also very often sketches to communicate to themselves.  Sketching ideas on paper helps them to visualize products more fully and examine problem areas better. It also frees up their minds, allowing them to develop new ideas: EG. PREHISTORIC CAVE PAINTING, RENAISSANCE PERSPECTIVE, ABSTRACT PAINTING, PERSPECTIVE DRAWING, 3D DRAWINGS, DIGITAL ALTERARED PHOTOGRAPH.  (Introduction to the unit and activities of views--->LINK HERE:Theory&Activities) ACTIVITIES Nº1. 1.1.- Match the correct word of this definitions: a) We use it to measure angles:______ b) We use it to draw parallel and perpendicular lines:_____ c) We use it to draw arcs and circumferences:________ d) We use it to measure the length of lines:_________ ACTIVITIES Nº2. 2.1. Using the computer, draw the following arches using AutoCAD.(open here) 2.2. Using CAD, draw this picture: 2.3. Using CAD, draw this picture: 2º SYSTEMS AND METHODS:    Technical drawing can be made using three different methods: a) SKETCH: It´s a freehand drawing where you put your ideas on a paper quickly and maintains its proportions and incorporates its dimensions. In this case we don´t have to use rulers, only with a pencil. b) TECHNICAL DRAWING (LAYOUT): It´s a drawing where you have been using rules, set square, compass (instruments) to give an exact picture. In this case if we use a computer to drawing, then this method is called GRAPHICS (CAD=Computer Addes Desing). Here are several types of these methods: ORTOGRAPHICS PROJECTIONS: "VIEWS": Very useful because they offer the necesary information to construct an object. "Views" are the faces of an object. An object have six faces, but normally it is only necesary draw three of them: FRONT VIEW, PLAN VIEW (overhead viwe) and SIDE VIEW. To draw them you have to look perpendicular at the face, in a parallel plane, and they have to be in specific positions in relation to each other so that we can interpret them. (SlidesShare about views---> LINK HERE: VIEWS). (SlideShare:4773 orthographic View more presentations from nayakq   ISOMETRIC/OBLIQUE SYSTEM. "3-Dimensional Drawing", excellent for communication the parts of an object together. It shows us the whole object instead of its separate views. Isometric Pictorials View more presentations from robjwise CONICAL PERSPECTIVE. The object looks the same as we really see it. The lines int the drawing comes from one viewpoint (like the human eye) called "vanishing point".

ACTIVITIES Nº3:

3.1.In your blog, match and complete the sentences:
- With a pair of compasses, we can draw arcs.
- With a set square, we can
- With a protactor, we can measure angles.
- With an oblique system, we can make represent together of the views f an object.
- With the conical system, we can represent an object like we see it.
(...measure angles. /...represent together of the views of an object. /...draw arcs./...draw parallel lines. / represent an object like we see it.)

3.2. Sketch with guidelines in M.PAINT: A PRINTER and A RECEPTABLE of this sheet--->Link here: Skecth 
3.3. Draw TECHNICAL DRAWING using M.PAINT of the PLAN VIEW and FRONT VIEW of a pen with the lid on.
3.4. In the before exercise, do you need to draw the SIDE VIEW? Why?
e) Draw in M.PAINT the VIEWS of the exercicies at the end of this slides  (PIEZA Nº5,6,7,8.)--->LINK HERE: VIEWS
3.5. Draw your first capital letter using the CONICAL PERSPECTIVE CONICAL with M.PAINT.



3º MEASUREMENTS.
The measurements or dimensions are used to understand the overall size of a drawing. They  have three items:

• EXTENSION LINES: It should not touch the drawings and must be extended beyond the drawing.
• DIMENSION LINES: It´s an arrow.
• FIGURES: It´s the number that show the real dimension, it´s draw over the arrow.

4. –SCALES: 
You need to scale objects and products as in many cases they are far too big (or too small) to be able to draw their actual size on paper. 
Scale is the expression of the “measurement of the DRAWING SIZE divided by measurement of the ACTUAL SIZE”. 
We need draw the object with different scales when it is not possible draw your layout to full size. There are three types:

• NATURAL SCALE or FULL SIZE: The object fit properly into your notebook, so you draw it in the same dimensions that it actually is. 1:1
• INCREASE SCALE. When you enlarge the object that it actually is. E.g. a ring, a tack, a  chuck, a nut, etc.   2:1 
• REDUCCTION SCALE: When you reduce the object than it actually is because it´s very large and not fit into your sheet. E.g. 1:10

ACTIVITIES Nº4.

4.1.What scale would you use to draw a SPOON on A4 paper?
4.2.What scale would you use to draw a BOOKSHELF on A4 paper?
4.3.What scale would you use to draw a NEEDLE on A4 paper?
4.4. Copy the sentences in your Blog and complete then with the apropiate words:
a) An object is ______ thant the drawing in an enlarged scale.
b) W use a scale _____ to read the measurement of a scale.
c) The drawing is smaller tha the object in __ ______ scale.

ACTIVITIES Nº5.

5.1. Draw the views of the picture:

ACTIVITIES 6:

1.- Listening and make out it on MS_Paint: LINK.
2.- Draw this road. Add a sky with clouds adn some grass on the verge of the road.Add some trees. What sort of perspective is it?